Overpopulation and the Economi Essay Example For Students

Overpopulation and the Economi Essay Overpopulation and the Economi Essaycal Effects Presentation At present there are in excess of 6 billion individuals living on the planet and this number is relied upon to twofold in a brief timeframe. Numerous analysts and scholars feel that the world doesn't have a conveying limit with respect to this measure of individuals. The overpopulation of the world, brings a dread of congestion and an anxiety that the asset base will become to low, maybe even non-existent. In 1900, the total populace was 1.6 billion individuals. Contrasted with the 6.1 billion that it is today, that populace is miniscule. The populace is anticipated to arrive at 16.4, more than twofold todays populace continuously 2060. At this moment there are just around 30 million individuals in Canada, itself, though a nation like China is home to 1.2 billion individuals. As it is observed, China has an exceptionally enormous extent of the universes populace inside its own limits and this has made numerous issues all through the nation. It is conceivable, that with the information on the issue, with a training, framework, and a work aptitudes this issue can be convoluted. Creating Countries The creating nations, are the primary worries for congestion. 1996 insights show that 75% of the universes populace live in both Africa (13%) and Asia (63%). The overpopulation in these landmasses, is such a great amount of higher for a wide range of reasons. The primary explanation being society. When looking at a mainland like Africa, to a landmass like North America, there are various, recognizable, contrasts. A case of this being the ripeness rate. In Africas specific culture, having numerous youngsters rises to high richness rates and this, they accept, is an incredible gift from God. Likewise, here ladies are not taught, just as the created nations, and there is no or next to no information on contraceptives. (John L.Seitz Global Issues, an Introduction. Pg. 14) The creating nations impact both the worldwide and neighborhood financial matters. It impacts the nearby financial aspects, for basic reasons as, food deficiencies, lodging, or instruction. Food deficiencies are likewise a significant issue. Thomas Malthus, a scholar, accepts that the universes populace pairs at regular intervals, while the farming in one zone takes any longer than this to develop back. Along these lines, he accepts, that as the populace develops, there is a less methods for resource being created. Food deficiencies, could impact the economy a lot, as malady and ailing health would occur. (John L. Seitz. Worldwide Issues, an Introduction. Pg. 31) Alongside malady, there is the issue of sewage, in these overpopulated nations. The sewage could be methods for trash, or even of waste. The waste could cause a lot of issues, for example, ailment, rodents, sullying of water, etc. This could likewise cause a lot of death in the urban focuses. (John L.Seitz. Worldwide Issues, an Introduction. Pg.25) Another issue in the less evolved nations is lodging. As the populace thickness is very high in the third-world, there are numerous issues with lodging. These issues are that the amount and nature of lodging for urban individuals, shift. The normal thickness of a created nation lies between 3 600 and 7 200 individuals for every km2, while the thickness in Calcutta is 160 000 individuals for each km2. As a rule, 30% of the less evolved nations populace comprises of vagrants. Vagrants are illicit occupiers of land, and they live in territories called vagrant settlements. The vagrants, hurt the economy as they are not paying for any kind of lodging whatsoever. There are likewise involving land that doesn't have a place with themselves, which in not permitting individuals to utilize this land. More often than not, this land could be utilized for much better sources, for example, agribusiness, new lodging, production lines, and in any event, expanding the urban focuses limits. (Anne and Paul Erlich. The Population Explosion. Auntobiographical Incident - My Shahada Essay Pg. 36) In the less evolved nations there is an untalented work power, leaving the nation with a next to no pay, and this is the place overpopulation turns into an issue. This makes some significant snags of the arrangement for sufficient lodging. By virtue of the low earnings, there is normally just enough cash for basics and thusly can't bear the cost of better lodging. The less evolved nations face an absence of capital, .

6 Disappeared LinkedIn® Partner Applications and What to Do About Them Part IV TripIt and SlideShare

6 Disappeared LinkedIn ® Partner Applications and What to Do About Them â€" Part IV TripIt and SlideShare The saga of the disappeared LinkedIn Partner Applications continues with this weeks episode TripIt and SlideShare! For more LinkedIn tips please visit How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile e-book! TripIt TripIt was an application that allowed LinkedIn users to report easily on their travel plans. Disclaimer: I questions the wisdom of publicizing ones travel to LinkedIn, since I’ve heard stories of people who post this type of information and whose houses get robbed while they are away. However, if you do feel comfortable letting the world know when you will be traveling, you might wish to follow these steps which were provided directly from TripIt: Dear Traveler, A friendly reminder to link your TripIt and LinkedIn accounts in order to continue accessing and sharing trips with your LinkedIn network. As you may have heard from LinkedIn, they have redesigned the LinkedIn profile page, which will no longer include your TripIt My Travel app. Dont lose your access: Link my accounts. We hope you like the new and improved experience! Learn more about TripIt and how it can help you organize all your travel plans into one master mobile itinerary. By the traveler, for the traveler, The TripIt team The basic idea here is that you can log your travel in TripIt and easily share it to your LinkedIn profile. You can even sign in to TripIt using your LinkedIn username and password! Once logged in, enjoy the magic and convenience of keeping all your travel information in one place (I havent used it fully yet but am intrigued by the possibilities! Theyve got a great video you can watch at https://www.tripit.com/trip/show/id/64396342. Happy travels! SlideShare In May 2012, LinkedIn acquired SlideShare for $118.75 million. Although the SlideShare application no longer exists, you can bet LinkedIn wants you to keep using this resource! You can log in to SlideShare with your LinkedIn username and password and import your LinkedIn profile information to complete your SlideShare profile. With a single click, you can follow all your LinkedIn contacts through SlideShare, thus ensuring that you receive notifications of their updated content and comments. When you add a new presentation, document or video to SlideShare, it will *automatically* post as an Activity Update on your LinkedIn profile! Plus, if your settings allow it, you can automatically post to LinkedIn when you “favorite” a SlideShare presentation. Heres what your update might look like in LinkedIn Signal: For details on the above tips, see SlideShare Content Sharing with your Professional Network on LinkedIn, posted on the SlideShare blog on January 9, 2012. Finally, you can always post the link to a SlideShare presentation to your Summary or Experience sections by clicking on the box with the blue + sign. Once you click on that box you will be brought to a box where you can paste a link: How do you get the correct link for your presentation? In SlideShare, go to your list of presentations: Click on one of the images and you will be brought to the page with the presentation: Copy the URL from the upper left corner and paste it into the box on LinkedIn. The presentation or video will then be part of your permanent LinkedIn profile until you decide to remove or change it! Next week: How to accommodate for the disappearance of the WordPress application. See you then!

Powerful Women and Submissive Women in Njals Saga and the...

Powerful Women V. Submissive Women by Sean Conolly Ancient societies and their cultures traditionally provided women with no access to power. It was nearly universal for women to be treated as subservient to men while being expected to behave mildly and submissively. The New Testament makes no exception. The Apostle Paul explains that through Christ, women are absolved of constraints that the social hierarchy imposes on them, but he later goes on to explain that even in Christ a religious hierarchy still exists. By acknowledging that women are inferior to men in both the social and religious circles, Paul presents women as subordinates. This contrasts with Njal’s Saga. Through the saga’s characters Gunnhild, Hallgerd, and Bergthora,†¦show more content†¦This suggestion is eventually confirmed when she successfully convinces the King to accept Hrut as a bodyguard (Njal’s Saga, 8). Even though the King is the superior, Gunnhild still possesses the ability to influence him. Her influence demonstrates her ab ility to assume and exercise a degree of power. It is through her power that Gunnhild goes on to instigate a chain of events. After having Hrut as a lover for several seasons, Gunnhild reasserts her power when Hrut asks to return to Iceland. Though she lets him return, she sends a curse along with him. She says, â€Å"If I have as much power over you as I think I have, then I cast this spell: you will not have sexual pleasure with the woman you plan to marry in Iceland, though you’ll be able to have your will with other women. Neither of us comes out of this well, because you did not tell me the truth (Njal’s Saga, 13).† The curse she places on Hrut actually comes true (Njal’s Saga, 16). Hrut cannot please his wife and Gunnhild’s desire to hold a degree of dominance over Hrut is fulfilled. Because Hrut wants to please his wife but cannot, his desires are unfulfilled. This suggests that Gunnhild’s demands and desires are superior to those of men. It is the demands and desires of a woman t hat instigate events. The author immediately presents Gunnhild in the very first significant

How Gender Role Socialization Effects Girls More...

Adolescents are faced with many difficult life decisions which, when coupled with their lack of self-knowledge, cause identity crises. Not secure in themselves, teenagers must make decisions concerning how they will act, with who they will associate with, and what life decisions they will choose. Ultimately, the progression by which they determine their identity must inevitability be one of trial and error. In the book Reviving Ophelia, clinical psychologist Dr. Mary Pipher discusses the social and cultural pressures faced by today s adolescent girls based on her individual clients’ stories. This paper will examine how gender role socialization effects girls more specifically, depending on the teenage girls’ developmental level. Another crucial theme to be analyzed is the idea coined as lookism and the American culture, which according to the book is a determination of a woman s value based solely on appearance. Another common factor in each of the case studies p resented by Pipher is the theme of resisting authority and shutting out parental guidance substituting help with media and peers. By analyzing these young girls’ stories, it is clear to understand why young girls find themselves going down the wrong path growing up. As girls enter adolescence they are forced to decide who they want to become and how they want to be seen. Young girls growing up are under extreme pressure to conform to the ideals that society has deemed appropriate. In Reviving Ophelia,Show MoreRelatedComputer and Internet in Education13526 Words   |  55 Pagesatrisk teens. Abstract The increasing amount of time children are spending on computers at home and school has raised questions about how the use of computer technology may make a difference in their lives—from helping with homework to causing depression to encouraging violent behavior. 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Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesComprehensive Cases Indexes Glindex 637 663 616 623 Contents Preface xxii 1 1 Introduction What Is Organizational Behavior? 3 The Importance of Interpersonal Skills 4 What Managers Do 5 Management Functions 6 †¢ Management Roles 6 †¢ Management Skills 8 †¢ Effective versus Successful Managerial Activities 8 †¢ A Review of the Manager’s Job 9 Enter Organizational Behavior 10 Complementing Intuition with Systematic Study 11 Disciplines That Contribute to the OB Field 13 PsychologyRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pageswith the most effective instructor and student resources With WileyPLUS: Students achieve concept mastery in a rich, structured environment that’s available 24/7 Instructors personalize and manage their course more effectively with assessment, assignments, grade tracking, and more manage time better study smarter save money From multiple study paths, to self-assessment, to a wealth of interactive visual and audio resources, WileyPLUS gives you everything you need to personalize the teachingRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pageset al. provide a highly readable account of ideas, perspectives and practices of organization. By thoroughly explaining, analyzing and exploring organization theory the book increases the understanding of a field that in recent years has become ever more fragmented. Organization theory is central to managing, organizing and reflecting on both formal and informal structures, and in this respect you will find this book timely, interesting and valuable. Peter Holdt Christensen, Associate Professor, CopenhagenRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesBehavior that helps you actively study and prepare material for class. Chapter-by-chapter activities, including built-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to revi ew in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Kim S. Cameron UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town DubaiRead MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 Pages81 86 88 89 101 102 104 107 109 Stage One: Where are we now? Strategic and marketing analysis 2 Marketing auditing and the analysis of capability 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Learning objectives Introduction Reviewing marketing effectiveness The role of SWOT analysis Competitive advantage and the value chain Conducting effective audits Summary 3 Segmental, productivity and ratio analysis 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 Learning objectives Introduction The clarification of

A Worn Path Free Essays

â€Å"A Worn Path† describes the journey of an elderly black woman named Phoenix Jackson who walks from her home to the city of Natchez to get medicine for her sick grandson. The landscape as Phoenix perceives it becomes a primary focus of the vividly evoked narrative; nature is depicted as alternately beautiful and as an impediment to Phoenix’s progress. As she walks, she struggles against intense fatigue and poor eyesight, as well as such obstacles as thorn bushes and barbed wire. We will write a custom essay sample on A Worn Path or any similar topic only for you Order Now The combined effects of her old age, her poor vision, and her poetic view of the world heighten the lyricism and symbolism of the narrative. For example, she mistakes a scarecrow for a dancing â€Å"ghost† until she draws close enough to touch its empty sleeve. A particularly tense episode occurs when she encounters a white hunter who appears friendly at first, but then makes a condescending suggestion that she is probably â€Å"going to town to see Santa Claus. † When he inadvertently drops a nickel, Phoenix distracts him and manages to pick it up, feeling that she is stealing as she does so. The hunter suddenly points his gun at her, and while he may have seen her pick up the nickel, it is unclear what his actual motivation is for this threatening gesture. Phoenix, however, does not appear afraid; the hunter lowers his gun and she manages to continue on her way unharmed and without returning the nickel. Finally reaching the â€Å"shining† city of Natchez, Phoenix enters the â€Å"big building†Ã¢â‚¬â€presumably a hospital—where a nurse questions her about her grandson, asking if he has died. Phoenix remains strangely quiet at first, as if deaf to the nurse’s questions. She then apologizes, claiming that her memory had suddenly failed her—that for a moment, she could not remember why she had made her long journey. The story concludes with Phoenix’s heartfelt description of her grandson, whose throat was injured several years ago when he swallowed lye. She declares that he is not dead, receives the medicine for him, along with another nickel, with which she decides to buy him a Christmas present—a â€Å"little windmill. â€Å" How to cite A Worn Path, Essay examples

Contemporary Ethical Dilemma

Question: How are recent developments in IT creating challenges for ethical behaviour? Can IT be used to make people and or organisation behaviour more ethical? Answer: Challenges for ethical behaviour in recent development of Information Technology (IT) In these modern days, information technology is the soul for every people as well as business. The business organisation uses information technology to provide information to other, transaction of online purchase, communicate customers, etc. Apart from that, people use information technology in order to make an integral connection with the relatives. However, Schneider (2012) argued that lack of responsibility as well as rights in developing Information Technology in business creates ethical dilemma. The contemporary ethical dilemma in recent development of IT affects badly to the business especially in their capital outlays. Following are the ethical dilemmas that rise in recent development of IT in business Intellectual Property: Fathian and Akhavan (2006) suggested that in order to success in business, creation of intellectual property is an effective method. Therefore, business success closely depends on the intellectual property for business marketers regarding development of IT. Through IT, organisation can able to take ideas from others in terms of improving business. However, McMillan (2005) cited that hacking of information of the companies creates difficulties to utilize. Software privacy: It is the key challenges as the growth of IT is high. Aronson et al. (2008) depicted that use of illegal copies of software increase higher. Due to lack of privacy, software industry in United State faces total $18 billion in 2010. Computer Crime: In these present days, IT used widely with emergence as well as development of computer technology. Therefore, several attackers programmed different types of virus in order to create illegal activities such as theft of information, financial fraud, online harassment, sabotage, virus infection to personal computer, etc. According to the research report of Swindall (2010), in 2008 there was 85 percentage victims who faced computer crime in different ways. Job Displacement: This is the most important and worried ethical dilemma of development of IT. Development growth of IT in this present days decrease the man power in business. As a result, the population in the world faced difficulties to get job. Use of IT forced the business organisation in decreasing their staffs from workplace that is one of the great examples of ethical dilemma of recent development of IT. However, Herman (2012) argued that lack of sufficient resources especially human resources creates difficulties to manage the overall organisational process properly. Use of IT for organisational of peoples Ethical behaviour Aronson et al. (2008) presumed that use of IT could allow the people or organisation in business more ethical in terms of improving. Information Technology has several aspects that make the people as well as organisation more ethical such as gain time to focus on function of core business, increasing purchasing and scale power, improve monitoring and control, reduce extra costs, etc. For example, use of SAP ERP or Oracle Advance Control can make the organisation in attaining more ethical behaviour towards business such as SAP ERP allows organisation to connect stakeholders in one system. Thus, management or the administration department can track the entire working process from one place. It not only helps in increasing performance, but also helps in monitoring the key issues that faced by the organisation. Reference List Aronson, Z., Reilly, R. and Lynn, G. (2008). The role of leader personality in new product development success: an examination of teams developing radical and incremental innovations. International Journal of Technology Management, 44(1/2), p.5. Fathian, M. and Akhavan, P. (2006). Developing a conceptual model for the assessment of intelligence in buildings. Facilities, 24(13/14), pp.523-537. Herman, C. (2012). Time for a New Standard In Developing Standards. Biomedical Instrumentation Technology, 46(2), pp.152-152. McMillan, J. (2005). Ethical review and ethical behavior. BMJ, 330(7489), pp.473-473. Schneider, M. (2012). Developing Entrepreneurial Leaders. Organization Management Journal, 9(4), pp.280-280. Swindall, W. (2000). Clean technology and communication. Clean Products and Processes, 2(2), pp.0075-0075.

One basic assumption of Black-Scholes model Essay Example Essay Example

One basic assumption of Black-Scholes model Essay Example Paper One basic assumption of Black-Scholes model Essay Introduction One basic assumption of Black-Scholes model is that the stock price is log-normally distributed with constant volatility. However, in option market, does this assumption hold? In our paper, we try to show how wrong Black-Scholes is by challenging this assumption and illustrate the difference between Black-Scholes and real world. Method used to exam mispricing problem of Black-Scholes model About Mixlognormal: The probability distribution of the stock price might be made up of a mixture of two lognormal distributions, one for the possibility of an increase in share price and the other one of a decrease. In this way, we can capture the empirical distribution of stock price; its shape must be more accurate and accordingly more likely to be the same as the distribution of the company’s share price in the real world. One basic assumption of Black-Scholes model Essay Body Paragraphs (Precisely, if we can employ more lognormal distributions to obtain the possibility for the movement of share price, we would get better distribution to describe real world.) Therefore, we could simply test the accuracy of Black-Scholes model by comparison. About Data: We chose Six Continents as our target company to do our analysis and made a comparison between its mixlognormal distribution and Black-Scholes lognormal distribution. We chose Feb 19th as the big event date for the company, because there was a takeover bid from the management of Pizza Express on that day. The share price of Six Continents jumped more than 10% on Feb 19th and the trading volume increased more than 200%. The dates before and after the big event date are Feb 18th and Feb 20th respectively. Following this way, the mispricing drawback of Black-Scholes might be detected more easily due to the noise of big event. Interpretation of the results Using the Excel VBA programme, we got the Black- Scholes lognormal distribution and mixlognormal distribution for these two particular days. The lognormal distribution of Black-Scholes is shown in blue and the mixlognormal distribution is shown in pink. Figure 1 Mixlognormal distribution and lognormal distribution for Six Continent options on 18th, Feb 2003. Figure 2 (Figure 1 and 2 are consistent with each other. Both illustrate the option is mispriced by Black-Scholes.) Comparing these two distributions (i.e. figure 1) of the date of Feb 18th, we find that: 1, the mixlognormal distribution has a fatter left tail and thinner right tail than the lognormal distribution (This phenomenon is also supported by empirical evidence when some people analysed the S;P 500 index), and 2. Both sides of the tails in mixlognormal distribution are longer as well. 3. The right tail is longer than the left tail. For the first finding, it means that in the more accurate scenario, the volatility used to price a low strike price option (i.e. a deep-out-of-the-money put or a deep-in-the-money call) is higher than that used to price a high-strike-price-option (i.e. a deep-in -the-money put or a deep-out-of-the-money call). The second finding means that the Black-Scholes lognormal distribution chops some small probability events, but in fact, these small probability events do exist in real world. The explanation of the third finding is that the bid proposal for Six Continent leaked before the announcement date. Investors have taken the probability of takeover into consideration and predict the price will go up. The probability of the share price going up is bigger than the probability of its going down, the right tail is longer. Figure 3 Mixlognormal distribution and lognormal distribution for Six Continent options on 18th, Feb 2003. Figure 4 Comparing the mixlognormal figure with the lognormal one (i.e. figure 3) of the date of Feb 20th, we find that: 1. This relationship of the two distributions is similar to those of the date of Feb 18th. 2. The left tail is still a little bit fatter and the right side a little thinner in the mixlognormal than that of lognormal. 3. The right tail is longer than of the left tail. The interpretations of this figure are the same to the above ones. From the above comparison and analysis, we can find the reason that Black-Scholes model is often shown to misprice out-of -the money and in-the-money options relative to their at-the-money counterparts: the assumption, which states that future stock price have a lognormal distribution and equivalently future returns have a normal distribution (which both results from the assumption of stock prices following a geometric Brownian motion.), is invalid. If this assumption is neglected, the risk neutral probability density does not necessarily fall into the family of lognormal distributions but can be shaped differently. This implies, that lognormal parametric estimation of risk-neutral probabilities leads to wrong result. When we move the two mixlognorma l distributions (i.e. figure 6) together and also the two Black-Scholes distributions (i.e. figure 5) together, it is obvious to find that beside the mean of the share price moving to high level, the volatility shape changes a little. The left tail of figure before the big event dates is much fatter than the left tail of the figure after the big event date. Figure 5 Lognormal distributions of Six Continent options on 18th and 20th of Feb 2003. Figure 6 Mixlognormal distribution of Six Continent options on 18th and 20th of Feb 2003. This is understandable if we accept the explanation for the volatility smile when concerns leverage. It says that as a company’s share price declines in the value, the company’s leverage increases. Thus the equity of the company becomes more risky and its volatility increases. When the company’s share price increases, leverage decreases, then the equity become less risky and its volatility decreases. Since the bid for the Six Continen ts was accepted as favourable news for the shareholders, the share price had a big jump. According to the above explanation, its shares become less risky and thus lower volatility, so the left tail becomes thinner. Conclusion We estimated risk neutral density of equity option prices and compared mixlognormal distribution and lognormal distribution before and after big event. We found that the assumption (stock prices are log-normally distributed) of Black-Scholes does not hold in the real world and this hole can make the options mispriced. Appendix 1: The raw data of lognormal distribution for Six Continent options on 18th, Feb 2003. Trade 18-Feb-03 Maturity 16-Apr-03 r 0 T 0.1561644 F 554.5 sigma 0.4091905 mkt call strikes BS theory Sq Error moneyness weigted sq error 196 360 194.58 2.01 194.5000 0.0103 166.5 390 164.89 2.59 164.5000 0.0157 138 420 135.86 4.57 134.5000 0.034 101.5 460 99.5 3.98 94.5000 0.0421 69 500 67.93 1.14 54.5000 0.0211 38 550 37.88 0.01 4.5000 0.0032 17.5 600 18.77 1.62 45.5000 0.0356 7 650 8.34 1.8 95.5000 0.0188 2.5 700 3.36 0.75 145.5000 0.0051 1 750 1.25 0.06 195.5000 0.0003 0.5 800 0.43 0 245.5000 0 18.53 0.1862 Appendix 2: The raw data of lognormal distribution for Six Continent options on 20th, Feb, 2003. Trade 37672 Maturity 37727 r 0 T 0.15068493 F 615.5 sigma 0.36813434 mkt call strikes BS theory Sq Error moneyness weigted sq error 256.5 360 255.5013903 0.997221354 255.5 0.003903019 227 390 225.5132704 2.210364876 225.5 0.009802062 197 420 195.5835263 2.006397745 195.5 0.010262904 157.5 460 156.0819138 2.010968563 155.5 0.012932274 119.5 500 118.0715084 2.040588233 115.5 0.017667431 76.5 550 75.70383997 0.633870793 65.5 0.009677417 42.5 600 42.91727918 0.174121912 15.5 0.011233672 21 650 21.38061239 0.144865789 34.5 0.004199008 9 700 9.401761762 0.161412513 84.5 0.001910207 3.5 750 3.688784898 0.035639738 134.5 0.000264979 1 800 1.308782808 0.095346823 184.5 0.000516785 0.5 850 0.425705755 0.005519635 234.5 2.35379E-05 10.5163 1797 0.082393295 Appendix 3: The raw data of mixlognormal distribution for Six Continent options on 18th, Feb, 2003. Trade 18-Feb-03 Maturity 16-Apr-03 r 0 T 0.1561644 F 554.5 F1 613.42684 sigm1 0.0050015 F2 545.13413 sigma2 0.4331614 p 0.1371431 Cmarket X Cimplied (Cmarket-Cimplied)^2 Implied sigma by BS 196 360 194.6650299 1.782145105 0.605651935 166.5 390 165.1475618 1.82908915 0.53766516 138 420 136.4577704 2.378472184 0.502173454 101.5 460 100.7421585 0.574323782 0.454991983 69 500 69.60810609 0.369793012 0.424942163 38 550 38.86792249 0.753289445 0.410555737 17.5 600 17.00376787 0.246246324 0.393289282 7 650 6.928636732 0.005092716 0.38547187 2.5 700 2.914632833 0.171920386 0.382378979 1 750 1.14301875 0.020454363 0.394114927 0.5 800 0.422795028 0.005960608 0.417111769 8.136787075 Appendix 4: The raw data of mixlognormal distribution for Six Continent options on 20th, Feb 2003 Trade 20-Feb-03 Maturity 16-Apr-03 r 0 T 0.1506849 F 615.5 F1 631.64945 sigm1 0.005 F2 613.47651 sigm a2 0.3942533 p 0.1113462 Cmarket X Cimplied (Cmarket-Cimplied)^2 Implied sigma by BS 256.5 360 255.5039835 0.992048772 0.684121728 227 390 255.5291768 2.163320768 0.634591317 197 420 195.6487533 1.825867624 0.544725925 157.5 460 156.3364319 1.353890697 0.457835271 119.5 500 118.6654525 0.696469529 0.411053745 76.5 550 76.50974266 9.49E-05 0.380098628 42.5 600 42.7445391 0.059799374 0.363618501 21 650 20.42471433 0.330953606 0.363939585 9 700 9.572591543 0.327861075 0.362150688 3.5 750 4.077689599 0.333725272 0.363395708 1 800 1.597153827 0.356592693 0.351554917 0.5 850 0.581926491 0.00671195 0.376206304 8.447336279 We will write a custom essay sample on One basic assumption of Black-Scholes model Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on One basic assumption of Black-Scholes model Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on One basic assumption of Black-Scholes model Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer